India, an enduring Democratic state with a politically sensitive population, always indicated a significant focus on the growth of agriculture and the plight of its peasants. Be it Nehru, Indira Gandhi, or Narendra Modi, a strong assertion was made on improving the condition of peasants for a positive economic trajectory and a self-reliant economy. But 70 years later, an average Indian peasant still reels under burgeoning debts, tottering prices, and shrinking lands. National Crime Record Bureau data show that 10 349 farmers and farm workers committed suicide in 2018, and an estimated 3 lakh farmers committed suicide primarily due to unpaid loans between 1995- 2014. According to NSSO data, 52% of agricultural households in India were in debt, and almost 1/5th of rural households lived below the poverty line, marking a long shadow on India’s agricultural sector. Significantly, India is also the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices, and has the world’s largest area under wheat, rice, and cotton. In India, addressing these irregularities to resuscitate the agricultural sector assumes particular urgency, or else it may spark a huge humanitarian crisis having socioeconomic implications on the progress of India.
Agricultural policies in India have been mired in the federal structure, which bestows constitutional responsibility on the state governments for legislation and the central government for developing national approaches and distributing funds. This has hampered the growth of a holistic model for solving some structural problems that have recurred in the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, there is a need for synergy between the State and the Centre’s policies to remedy the structural problems plaguing the overall growth of agriculture in India.
The need for augmenting farm incomes
According to the Dalwai committee report, the average income of a farmer is estimated at Rs 77 976 per year, far below the per capita income of India Rs 1 35 050. Farmers in India are affected by a combination of complex factors like an irregular monsoon, excessive stress on land, lack of technological up-gradation, weak supply chain, inefficient domestic markets, and export restrictions. Despite large subsidies for fertilizers, power, and irrigation, which offset somewhat the price-depressing effect of market interventions, the overall effect is that policy intervention reduces gross farm revenues by over 6% per year (2014-16). India contrasts with OECD countries for a negative overall producer support estimate of 14%, a concomitant of asymmetrical policy interventions, and an inefficient supply chain.
India’s agricultural policy intervention takes place predominantly through subsidies and minimum support price, which also differs significantly from state to state. Recent studies have shown that farm subsidies which amount to almost 2- 2.25% of GDP may lead to the overuse of fertilizers or pesticides and water, and have a long-term adverse effect on agriculture. A NASA research on groundwater usage in northern parts of India found that many areas could face a severe water crisis due to overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation. In the case of MSP, just 12% of the 33.6% million farmers had availed it for wheat for the year 2018- 19, the government intervention has failed to increase the reach and income of farmers. Unless handled carefully agricultural subsidies and MSP will undermine efforts to make agriculture more sustainable and sends unclear signals about food prices. There is a need for a different approach. Ashoka Gulati argues that “increasing minimum support price (MSP) cannot be the solution. We may have to bring in science and our understanding to solve [the] problem.”
Providing income support to farmers would be a better option for augmenting the income of farmers. India’s pro-consumer policies, coupled with decreasing global commodity prices, have bogged the prices of Indian agricultural produce and there is a need to provide cash to the hands of farmers directly. Though Central Government has come up with a limited direct benefit transfer through PM- KISAN, it is the state governments that are setting the examples. Chhattisgarh’s Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana (RGKNY) transfers an income of Rs. 10 000 per acre for paddy farmers and Rs. 13 000 per acre for sugarcane farmers, effectively incentivizing the farmers to use the money for inputs.
Chhattisgarh is not the first state to take up a cash transfer for farmers; earlier Telangana transferred Rs 5000/ acre, per season, Odisha’s KALIA scheme and West Bengal’s Krishak Bandhu had done the same. A recent SBI report noted that an unconditional cash transfer to farmers would have a meaningful effect on ironing out the structural problems the agricultural sector is facing. An income support scheme will also spur up the demand and create a trickle-up or fountain effect to bolster the sagging economy.
India, a federation of mini countries will require the active role of Indian states in building a productive income support structure for farmers.
- One of the problems of implementing a universal income support scheme for farmers is that land sizes differ across states, and there needs to be more quality data available on land holdings. Government data show only 10 percent tenancy in the country, while some other studies have put the figure at 25- 30 percent. Hence, the central government must enable a data collection model but allow the states to set requirements for income support. This would prevent leakages and ensure income support is not given to absentee landlords.
- The total expenditure of paddy cultivation over one hectare in Andhra Pradesh is Rs 80,303, whereas, in Uttar Pradesh, the expenditure of paddy cultivation for the same area is Rs 58,429. Hence, there is a need for states to conduct surveys to estimate farmers’ income independently. Currently, the two surveys- National Account Statistics and NSSO generating estimates of farmers’ income adopt different definitions of farmer households and vary significantly in their final estimates. This will build strong data for better analysis and enable a more localized approach.
- It is axiomatic that as Centre controls the finance, they also exercise control in planning policies. But such a universal approach will not transfer the benefits effectively. There needs to be scope for the states to model the cash benefit transfer based on the crops that can be produced locally with limited expenditure. This will incentivize farmers to move away from growing crops that attracted high MSP due to a universal policy.
- A National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) survey revealed that the average landholding size of a rural household has shrunk to 1.1 hectare (Ha) in 2015-16 from 1.6 hectare in 2012-13. The role of the states in identifying the reasons for the shrinking of the land is vital for avoiding disguised unemployment and providing alternative jobs for the excess workforce. An income support scheme would support existing central schemes like Mudra loans.
The time has come to have a different and more nuanced look at solving the problems of the agricultural sector, and that approach also has to contend with the federal structure of our polity. Federalism allows India to cater to different aspirations and problems potentially arising from different corners. There is a need for better collaboration between the centre and the states to ameliorate the condition of farmers through an income support scheme. An income support scheme for farmers would serve as a mechanism to improve their situation and the economy’s health.